ترجمه و نوشته: دکتر امیرعباس روائی – ونکوور
عضو رسمی مدرسان بین‌المللی TESOL Canada و CELPIP
اسامی قابل شمارش و غیرقابل شمارش
اسامی زیر غیرقابل شمارش‌اند و به‌صورت مفرد از آن‌ها استفاده می‌شود، ولی در خیلی موارد دیده می‌شود که متقاضیان شرکت در آزمون آیلتس IELTS به اشتباه از آن‌ها استفاده می‌کنند.
- Advice
- Advertising
- Food
- Information
- Knowledge
- Education
- Money
- Traffic
- Shopping
- Travel
- Entertainment
- Happiness
- Literature
- Work
- Research
نمونه‌هایی از اشتباهات رایج:
- a plural verb: There were many traffic in the city.
- a number: three advice, four food
- a few, a couple, many, a number of: a number of literature, a few research
- a/an: a happiness, an entertainment
تطابق فاعل و فعل
فاعل و فعل باید با هم تطابق داشته باشند یعنی اگر فاعل جمع باشد، فعل نیز باید به‌صورت جمع به‌کار برود و بالعکس:
There is some dogs outside.
There is some food in the kitchen.
Here are some homework for you.
There are some eggs in the kitchen.
استفاده از حروف تعریف با عبارات اسمی (Noun Phrase)
قبل از ترکیب اسامی مفرد و صفات، باید از یکی از حروف تعریف a یا an استفاده نمود.
a massive improvement, a steady increase, an overall majority, a very small percentage, a really strong argument
موارد ذیل جزء استثنائات محسوب می‌شوند:
a wide range of, an equal number of, a large/small number of, a small/large/equal proportion of
quite a few people, to a certain extent/degree
استفاده از Comma (,)
در نگارش متون در آزمون آیلتس از عباراتی به‌عنوان نشانگرهای گفتمان (Discourse Markers) که برای ارتباط دادن ایده‌ها به یکدیگر استفاده می‌شوند. مانند:
on the one hand, on the other hand, however, for example, nevertheless, firstly, secondly, in conclusion, in summary
معمولاً بعد از Discourse Markerها از علامت (,) استفاده می‌کنیم:
- Firstly, the main cause of pollution is motor vehicles.
- On the one hand, motor vehicles are said to be the main cause.
- However, pollution from industry may also be to blame.
- To sum up, the causes of pollution are mostly man-made.
اگر از Discourse Markerها در بین دو جمله استفاده شوند، آن‌ها را بین دو (,) قرار می‌دهیم:
- Fossil fuels are mostly to blame for global warming, however, some people believe this is a natural process.
- Fossil fuels are mostly to blame for global warming, for example, from cars and factories.
استفاده از زمان مناسب افعال
- Present simple:
- things that are always true (the sky is blue)
- general statements of fact (I was born in 1982)
- habits (I go to sleep every night at 11pm)
- Present continuous:
- an action at the moment of speaking
- something in progress this week, month or year
- to talk about a future planned event
- Present Perfect:
- an action that took place at an indefinite time in the past
- an action that was repeated before now
- an action that began in the past and continues until now
- Present Perfect Continuous:
- to show the duration of something that happened in the past and continues until now
- a general activity in progress recently
- Past Simple
- action that began in the past and finished in the past
- Past Continuous
- talk about an action that was happening in the past when another occurred
- an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past
- Past Perfect
- talk about something that was completed before another activity or another time in the past
- Past Perfect Continuous
- talk about duration of activity that was in progress before another event in the past
- an activity in progress that is recent to another time or activity in the past
- Future Simple
- to predict or plan for the future
- to express a willingness to do something
- Future Continuous
- an action that will be in progress at a time in the future
- Future Perfect
- an action that will be completed before another time or event in the future
- Future Perfect Continuous
- the duration of an action that will be in progress before another time or event in the future