ترجمه و نوشتهٔ دکتر امیرعباس روائی – ونکوور
عضو رسمی مدرسان بین‌المللی TESOL Canada و CELPIP
٪۲۵ نمره در بخش نوشتاری و گفتاری آزمون آیلتس مربوط به استفادهٔ صحیح گرامر است. اغلب مشاهده می‌شود که متقاضیان در مواردی، دچار اشکالات مشابهی در استفاده از گرامر می‌شوند که یکی از این موارد مهم طرز استفاده از حرف تعریف the است. در اینجا به موارد کاربرد حرف تعریف the اشاره می‌کنیم.
موارد کاربرد حرف تعریف the
۱- هنگامی که اسمی بیشتر از یک بار در متن استفاده شده باشد:
On the way home, I saw a man. The man had a dog. The dog was barking…
۲- هنگام اشاره به چیز خاصی:
Lions are wild animals. / The lion was angry.
Gold is an expensive metal. / The gold in your ring is of poor quality.
I don’t like coffee. / I don’t like the coffee your mother makes.
۳- همراه با جهت‌های اصلی:
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
۴- همراه با اشیاء آشنا و چیزهای طبیعی:
He walked into the house and hung his coat in the closet. They were sailing along the river watching the clouds in the sky. She ran out of the park and shut the door.
The planet, the moon, the earth, the army, the navy, the UN, the stars, the sun, the world, the globe, the universe, the galaxy, the equator, the north pole, the south pole, the middle east, the near east, the solar system, the milky way, the civil war, the store, the street, the clothes, the New York Times, the middle ages, the flu, the prime minister, the executive, the democratic party, the democrats.
The rivers: the Rhine, the Nile, the Mississippi River.
The seas: the Caspian Sea, the Red sea, the Black sea, the Mediterranean sea.
The oceans: the pacific ocean, the Atlantic.
The canals: the Suez Canal, the Panama Canal, the English Channel,
the Alps, the Alborz, the Rocky Mountains. :(رشته‌کوه‌ها)The mountains
۵- همراه با اعداد ترتیبی:
The first book on the shelf is mine and the second is yours.
The fifth lesson, the best way, the third, the ninth day…
۶- همراه با صفات عالی (تفضیلی):
She is the kindest girl that I have ever seen.
The best, the most expensive, the richest, the happiest…
۷- همراه با مرجع ضمایر موصولی:
The woman who is standing near the board is our teacher. The magazines which are on the radio are his. He is the man whom you telephoned.
۸- برای بیان کل یک خانواده:
We invited the Browns to dinner. / We invited Mr. Brown to dinner.
۹- … صفت تفضیلی+ The , … صفت تفضیلی+ The
The sooner, the better. The harder he works, the less he succeeds. The more you work, the more money you will make.
۱۰- همراه با بیشتر صفات زمان و مکان:
A student in the last row was asleep. On the next day, he gave his lecture/ he will give his lecture next week/ he gave his lecture last week.
The present, the following, the future, the beginning, the middle, the end, at the moment, for the time being, during the year, the top, the bottom, the back, the front, the outside, the inside.
۱۱- هنگامی‌که زبان‌ها همراه با کلمهٔ language باشند:
I studied English in Turkey.
I like the English language more than the French language.
After the battle, we buried the dead. (Living, sick, deaf, blind …)
۱۲- معمولاً همراه با فصول از حرف تعریف the استفاده می‌کنیم:
He likes (the) summer more than (the) autumn.
But: she was killed in a car crash in the winter of 1999.
(فصل خاص)
۱۳- کاربرد‌های دیگر:
Most of the students passed the examination. (All of the, many of the, one-third of the…)
The main reason for her resignation was her bad health. (The only, the chief, the principal)
Idioms such as: make the bed, clear the table, wash the dishes, tell the truth…