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ترجمه و نوشته: دکتر امیرعباس روائی
جملات شرطی نوع دوم
ساختار:
مصدر بدون to + would , زمان گذشتهٔ ساده+If
استفاده: جملات شرطی نوع دوم را در بیان موقعیتی غیرواقعی یا غیرممکن استفاده می‌کنیم و آن را برای زمان حال به‌کار می‌بریم.
نکتهٔ اول: چنانچه جملهٔ شرط ابتدا و سپس جملهٔ نتیجه ذکر شود، بین دو جمله علامت comma قرار می‌گیرد و اگر جای جملات جابه‌جا شود نیازی به comma نیست.
| جملات |
| – If I studied for the test, I would get a good grade.
– I would get a good grade if I studied for the test. |
| – If Mr. Smith had a second cup of coffee, he would probably be late for work.
– Mr. Smith would probably be late for work if he had a second cup of coffee. |
| – If she didn’t buy a new suit, she wouldn’t have anything to wear to the interview.
– She wouldn’t have anything to wear to the interview if she didn’t buy a new suit. |
چند مثال دیگر:
- If he needed any money, I‘d lend it to him. (But he doesn’t need it)
- If I had more time, I‘d help you.
- If I were a rich man, I‘d buy an expensive car.
- I wouldn’t accept the job (even) if they offered it to me.
توجه: در شرطیِ نوع دوم، اغلب به‌جای was از were استفاده می‌شود:
If I were living in Vancouver, we could meet more often.
جملات شرطی نوع سوم
ساختار:
قسمت سوم فعل (p.p.) + would have +گذشتهٔ کامل+If
استفاده: از جملات شرطی نوع سوم در بیان موقعیتی غیرواقعی یا غیرممکن در زمان گذشته استفاده می‌شود.
| جملات |
| – If I had studied for the test, I would have got a good grade.
– I would have got a good grade if I had studied for the test. |
| – If Mr. Smith had had a second cup of coffee, he would have been late for work.
– Mr. Smith would have been late for work if he had had a second cup of coffee. |
| – If she hadn’t bought a new suit, she wouldn’t have had anything to wear to the interview.
– She wouldn’t have had anything to wear to the interview if she hadn’t bought a new suit. |
چند مثال دیگر:
- If I‘d seen you, I would have said hello.
- If he had driven more carefully, he wouldn’t have been injured.
- If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to visit you.
- I would have gone to see him if I had known that he was ill.
جملات شرطی نوع صفر (Zero Conditional Sentences)
ساختار:
| if + present simple, … present simple |
استفاده: وقتی که می‌خواهیم در مورد واقعیات (facts) صحبت کنیم، برای هر دو جملهٔ شرط و نتیجه از زمان حال استفاده می‌کنیم.
- If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.
- If people eat too much food, they get fat.
- We get water if we mix hydrogen and oxygen.